Which term describes the process by which all microorganisms, including spores, are destroyed?

• A. Disinfection
• B. Medical asepsis
• C. Sterilization
• D. Aseptic technique

Answer: (C)

Sterilization is the process that destroys all microorganisms, including spores. It represents the highest level of microbial control and is essential for devices and environments that must remain completely free of viable life, such as surgical instruments and implantable items. Methods include autoclaving (steam under pressure), dry heat, chemical sterilants, and certain types of radiation. Disinfection removes many pathogens but does not kill all microorganisms or spores, so it cannot achieve true sterility. Medical asepsis and aseptic technique aim to reduce contamination and infection risk, not to destroy every microorganism. When sterility is required, sterilization is the standard.